We are floating in space and it is surprising to know how our existence is the result of a series of chaotic chain of events that have made possible harmonic structure the matter has been able to evolve to a level of biological complexity and variety as we know. For life you were able to develop up to current levels of organization have been necessary to give initial conditions and a set of random processes such as eg certain that an object collides against the ground, causing the moon, "explained by the prevailing theory on the formation of the moon, or the existence and exact location of the planet Jupiter in a place that prevent asteroids and comets in the cloud Oort collide with our world in its orbit toward the Sun Jupiter forms a large shield that protects our planet continuously shaken by meteors and the moon was of fundamental importance to stabilize the orbit of the Earth since before the days lasted five hours and when this object collided with earth slowed its movement to the current 24 hours.
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| Our solar system in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy |
When we contemplate the sky at night we did not realize that we are sailing through space at thousands of miles per hour and orbiting dots that orbit many specks of light and so on. We are in a rotating galaxy, in turn around a local group of stars, making it around a cluster of a supercluster while expanding the space separating the center of the Big Bang scenario. As a curious word "cosmos" comes from kosmos, meaning order besides beauty and immensity, although its origin is quite chaotic and unfamiliar. But it is very beautiful in a huge chaos may arise the cosmos that we have the pleasure of knowing.
Our situation
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| Plantas que simbolizan cúmulos, galaxias, nebulosas o estrellas |
Esta es una foto de un jardín que representa nuestra posición en la galaxia. Representa la galaxia Vía Láctea con un agujero negro supermasivo en el centro representado por la fuente y diferentes plantas que representan algunos cúmulos, nebulosas y galaxias, y con hojas que simulan las estrellas más brillantes. Nosotros estaríamos en el punto que representa el sistema solar en el brazo de Orión (uno de los 2 ó 4 brazos que los astrónomos piensan que tiene nuestra galaxia). Estaríamos en el Grupo Local (lo llamamos así por ser nuestro punto de referencia), en el cúmulo de Virgo. El agujero negro del centro de la galaxia no engulle las galaxias circundantes porque toda la materia estelar orbita en torno a él. Se intenta programar actualmente un supertelescopio, alineando los más potentes que existen para que su objetivo sea el más grande posible aprovechando el diámetro de la tierra con el fin de poder observar lo más cerca posible el agujero negro supermasivo del centro de nuestra galaxia.
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| Trifid Nebula |
This is an instance where the hibiscus garden pretending to be nebulous. In this example the pink hibiscus mimic the Trifid nebula.
A full speed
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| Andromeda Galaxy, 2.1 million light years |
Our tiny speck of dust in the Solar System, which belongs to one of the arms (Orion) of the Milky Way galaxy, which is part of the Local Group (given that our baseline) and orbiting toward the Virgo Cluster. These are the speeds, our planet rotates at about 30 km / second around the Sun, which orbits about 270 km / s (about 970,000 km / h) around the center of the galaxy, which rotates, in turn, 40 km / s around Group Local, which is directed towards the Virgo cluster about 560 km / s. In the future our galaxy will collide with Andromeda, to 2.1 million light-years and will be "swallowed" by this in the phenomenon known as galactic cannibalism. "
During the first three minutes of the universe was forming a cosmic soup of particles: gluons, quarks, protons, positrons and neutrinos, but do not appear until the photons (light particles) the universe is not "on" and becomes "transparent." So we do not know about what happened before all the stars are lit. The structure of the tiniest is closely related to the large scale of the universe, so with the big collider LHC try to find the most indivisible part of matter: the hypothetical Higgs boson , because if its existence is proven then it would be further review of the equations of the universe. And here the most intriguing of all is that mathematics is able to explain 95% of the unknown, but check these data remains fundamental to the advancement of science. What can not explain this is attributed to a mythical region where from very primitive lives in the mystery religion.
Chaos allows the cosmos
Funnily enough chaos and irregularities or fluctuations that allow the universe to exist and evolve and essentially constant tension between two primitive forces: one that governs the universe's expansion rate or Hubble's law and gravity. The evolution of matter from its origins based on the ability of matter and energy to interact and this can not be if there are no conditions of instability where these elements can combine to generate elements relate to each other as complex as life. If the original cosmic soup of particles was scaled uniformly so that these elements do not collide with each other, then the universe would not have changed since the first time except in uniform expansion, so that if everything had been no order exist and either matter would have emerged and less life.
Darwinism theory explains how the increased complexity, entropy, enables the universe can recombine and self-organize their systems at a higher level. For example, supernovae or the violent death of some stars give rise to the periodic table of elements more complex and diverse, thanks to the increase of this variety can generate more structures that allow a more diverse organization. Another example is how the cosmic dust dispersed after the death of a star (and forming a hazy cloud of dust-and gas-) agglutinating will by force of gravity and is becoming stars and galaxies that rotate around a common center: a black hole. Currently looking in the large particle colliders the most primitive matter in the universe, because knowing this information about the microcosm give many clues to learn more about the universe as a vast scale and its possible or likely late or early.
Darwinism theory explains how the increased complexity, entropy, enables the universe can recombine and self-organize their systems at a higher level. For example, supernovae or the violent death of some stars give rise to the periodic table of elements more complex and diverse, thanks to the increase of this variety can generate more structures that allow a more diverse organization. Another example is how the cosmic dust dispersed after the death of a star (and forming a hazy cloud of dust-and gas-) agglutinating will by force of gravity and is becoming stars and galaxies that rotate around a common center: a black hole. Currently looking in the large particle colliders the most primitive matter in the universe, because knowing this information about the microcosm give many clues to learn more about the universe as a vast scale and its possible or likely late or early.
currently most accepted cosmological theory of gravity, which dates the age of the cosmos in 13,700 million years, but this theory, Einstein's equations does not explain how there tanto carbono en el universo, ya que en el interior de todas las estrellas hay un núcleo de diamante formado por carbono. También sabemos que actualmente el universo se expande de manera uniformemente acelerada y que las primeras leyes y ciencia que rigieron estos momentos son radicalmente diferentes de las que conocemos ahora. Las mismas matemáticas y leyes físicas que rigieran esos momentos podrían ser también muy diferentes a lo que conocemos, como lo son las leyes de la física cuántica, del interior de un agujero negro o del Big Bang (por eso también se llaman singularidades ).
Two opposing forces
From the Big Bang scenario we know nothing about space or time during the first moments of creation of the universe. We only know that after a certain time there is instability between the two fundamental forces that shape the universe: Hubble's law (which causes the universe to expand) against the force of gravity (which contracts) and There is also an unknown component in space needed for the field of galaxies and clusters is not wind its rotation and that matter and energy called dark, believed to form about 96% of the unknown universe. The rest is visible universe. It is believed that this part of the universe exists because it says that galaxies and clusters do not collide with each other by gravitational attraction. This part of matter and energy is what allows these elements are far enough apart so that they can be dynamic conditions and a space in which to evolve the elements and physical and chemical particles in the periodic table so far known . It follows their lives for this reason and for the equations of Einstein-Penrose function as Big Bang theory and relativity.
space architecture It
overwhelming the story of how we got to evolve as a species on a planet like ours from the beginning of time. Everything we know about the cosmos is based on mathematical equations to which we entrust the existence of reality as matter and dark energy. According to those accepted scientific theories and consolidated all started with a battle between matter and antimatter, where the first battle won by very little. When these two principles come into contact they annihilate and if there had been more antimatter universe could not exist. A Since the birth of the matter is speculating that this was the beginning of what we know as space-time, from which arise one or more big bangs or singularities. The principle of all known and unknown.
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| black hole simulation. It is believed that the center of all galaxies there is one at least. What will the other side? |
The known universe
The most in time we can know, with the appropriate technology, would this limit. This is what is found with particle accelerators like the LHC : tiny particles of matter and indivisible as the Higgs boson, the particle oldest of the universe, at least in theory. Since the emergence of the first particles, from the time of expansion we know will begin to form the first cosmic superstructures due to irregular shape which allow the particles interact with each other and not to expand each other without interrelate. To demonstrate how to grow in a vacuum an astronomer mixed sugar and salt in a bag in zero gravity, looking at how these tiny corpuscles were grouped as something akin to neural tissue or a road map lit up at night from space.
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| The structure of the universe as known scaling |
These superstructures are very similar throughout the cosmos and are formed by groups of stars that are grouped together and converge at certain points in what looks like a motorway networks interstellar space. Within each of these stars begin to form the elements of the basic periodic table from its first moments of existence. Hydrogen is first formed, a proton, then the force of gravity is so strong that fuses this item himself, successfully overcoming the repulsive force and generating helium and little by little, until the elements iron and other heavier. But when the star reaches iron merge completes its life cycle and according to their solar masses or density produces a supernova, hypernova or big bang or a black hole.
The universe from these first moments is shaped by the tension of opposing forces and whether to observe it from its more general we would superclusters (having a form of sponge, or a map neural network light pollution with an irregular shape, because the initial formation process of the universe was unstable, which is called inflationary period-), clusters of galaxies, galaxies, nebulas (the result of the explosion of novae and supernovae), stars , planets, moons, other stellar objects, dust and gas. All these elements are important for self-regulation system itself. For example, from interstellar dust that form nebulae supernovae and stars form from the violent death rate of stars novas or supernovas are generated in the periodic table of elements heavier and complex and it is believed that without existence of the Moon have been possible to create conditions of stability so that it could sprout and sustain life.
But none of this would work properly if it were not for black holes, after which, according to mathematical equations believes there should be a corresponding Big Bang. Thus, according to some theories, rather than a single universe with a Big Bang, it is likely that there is more and be a multiverse, with parallel worlds where the universe is interconnected and fall back on itself (like a Moebius strip ) .
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| Omega Centauri globular cluster in the constellation of Centaurus |
In areas where groups accumulate more stuff cumulus formations within which they arise, in turn, galaxies in the center of which are believed to be a black hole (with a hypothetical white hole on the opposite side by that would matter) and nearby is where stars are generated youth through processes of star formation and evolution of blue, white, yellow or red, depending on higher or lower temperature until they die a peaceful cooling and reducing its size to become brown dwarfs or white or exploding in the form supernova or black hole, when the force of gravity overcomes its opposite and implode (explode to the inside). Stars form in areas closer to the center of rotation of the galaxy (in the training of young stars - which are blue, with more temperature-), while the old are distributed more toward the outside (they are redder, with less temperature-). Stars form from interstellar dust that is generated when a star explodes. Our sun, for example, end up being a red supergiant that grows at least until Mars and engulf our planet.
Inside the stars are produced in fusion chain reactions that are transforming simple elements into more complex since the hydrogen (H), Helio (He), lithium (Li) or Carbon (C) to more complex elements. If you come to merge to the level of iron, so the star stops the combustion process and implodes (exploited to within) in what is known as novae or supernovae that result in spectacular nebulae like the Horsehead in Orion or M42 (the M indicates the Messier catalog, there is another classification, the NGC (New General Catalogue) we can see in the pictures. In these mammoth explosion spread through the universe the elements we know and pictures are amazing as Nebula ring, that of the egg , of \u200b\u200bthe crab or the eagle . Life comes from this great space laboratory.
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| Orion Nebula M42, Raúl Cacho |
To produce a supernova that spreads their remains nebulous as it is necessary that the force of gravity is large enough to overcome the force of merger and get to the iron. Eg to fuse hydrogen, which has a positive charge has overcome the initial repulsion to be transformed into helium and so on in a chain reaction. In nuclear power the process of obtaining the same is done in reverse, by fission reactions, not fusion. To achieve fusion energy as much power as is needed to generate a sun, while for non-fission, but the problem is that there is radioactivity in the process of disintegration of the nucleus. Nuclear energy from plutonium (Pt) or uranium (U) are generated when electrons lose energy and change orbit or emitting a radioactive particle level.
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| Horsehead Nebula in Orion, Raúl Cacho |
clusters, galaxies and stars from 0 onward classified according to their minor or major irregularity. The most common galaxies are spirals. The sun influences the climate of the earth by the well-known Maunder minimum and maximum. When solar activity is larger eruptions that occur on the surface expel charged particles that arrive via the solar wind to Earth's magnetic field, which forwards them to the poles, giving place, then the northern lights. The Mayans believed the world would end with one of these cycles, but astronomers say the only thing that can happen during a high solar activity is that we spoil the satellites, but that is something.
The darkness of the universe
must also have matter and dark energy (about 95% of the components of space), whose amount is decisive for galaxies and stars collide each other and so that there was so much that the universe could not come together and form a structure. The prevents dark matter scattering and scatter the field in their rotating movements, eg rotation of rotation of galaxies or clusters. Dark energy is the one that balances the equation of the Hubble Law and the force of gravity.
The existence of dark matter is hypothetical and is believed must exist to explain why galaxies are disrupted by rotating or the solar system. Dark energy would operate in the opposite direction to the force of gravity and this would create a tension between these two forces whose final outcome could be the final blackout all the stars, or that the matter of feeds itself through a series of possible big bangs that could be on the other side of black holes, in theory. The entropy (or second law of thermodynamics, which is to say that all systems tend to break or lose energy as heat that can be transformed into working order or one of the reasons why you can not travel past, further, that the past does not exist, since the energy is dissipated over time and breaks down as can not be reversed in materials of this principle is where engineers invented a Murphy's Law-) is generating greater complexity in systems and is opposed to order of galaxies and their self-organization.
supermatemáticas
The mathematics is invented to overcome the limit of the senses and imagination. Thus, for example, how the name change to multiverse universe by adding new explanatory theories, each with different rules. In the same way, antimatter and antiuniverso little is known as M theory on or Matrix (Matrix) or theory of fundamental forces superunification (strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetic and gravity, the more difficult to unify this theory-), that of the superstring or branes (which vibrate as fundamental units in place of the particle, which has the dual property of being simultaneously wave-particle) - or property of supersymmetry. Are highly speculative construction, theory and mathematics and even if they can find very complete explanation of the structure and history of the universe and the lack of data makes empirical testing are slightly in the air. However, during periods of time talking about some of these speculations and this happens because sometimes certain investigations are in fashion. For example, now takes superstring theorizing and so this is what most end reporting, but this does not mean that these theories are more valid for it.
cosmos Possible late
If the universe will end or not and about how this depends basically on the strength we've seen before: the severity (contraction) and Hubble's Law (or expansion). The tension between the two determine whether the universe or multiverse have an end or not and continue to expand until all the stars go off at once, like someone blowing the candles, contract in a Big Crunch, or follow a cycle of big bangs and indeterminate Big Crunches. We will not live long enough to know, our lifetime is negligible compared with that of the cosmos we come from, but it is interesting to learn from the ashes reborn constantly subject matter and life, which remains an intriguing history as our origins. For us our life is immense, though brief, but from the point of view of age the universe are less than a small moment in history will end as part of its essence, the dust of stars, where we came. A brief pulse in the life of the universe, but can imagine all possible worlds.
SOURCES
-Photography ASAAF partners (Association of Amateur Astronomers): Raúl Cacho, Gustavo Rodriguez-Chur.
FOR MORE
Documentary, astrophotography and association of astronomers:
-Discovery Channel Documentary: "The history of the universe" Big Bang, black holes, nebulae, galaxies, stars, moons, solar systems, sun. .. -13
Cosmos Carl Sagan documentaries
- ASAAF (Association Amateur Astronomers)-Madrid:
Planetary and virtual tours:
- Planetarium Méndez Álvaro
- Interactive models of the solar system ( geodetic, solar and the universe)
Books:
- "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
- "The Universe in a Nutshell, Stephen Hawking
-" History of Time "Stephen Hawking
-" The Road to Reality, Roger Penrose
- "The First Three Minutes of the universe," Stephen Weinberg
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